Contribute to the Welfare Footprint of the Egg

The Welfare Footprint of the Egg—a forthcoming volume from Taylor & Francis (CRC Press)—is the first scientific effort to quantify the full welfare footprint of an animal-sourced food product. Applying the Welfare Footprint Framework, the book systematically evaluates the cumulative intensity, duration, and prevalence of negative and positive affective experiences endured by laying hens, breeders, and male chicks across different housing systems and production stages.

Following an extensive foundational stage in which a veterinary inventory of welfare challenges was compiled by over 40 co-authors, we now invite academic researchers to join the next phase of this collaborative effort: the estimation of the intensity, duration, and prevalence of each welfare experience.

Contributors will be eligible for co-authorship in the relevant chapters, subject to the scope and significance of their contributions. Substantial contributions to evidence synthesis, reasoning, or chapter drafting may also lead to co-authorship of related scientific publications stemming from this work.

Why Participate?

This project is more than a book—it is a foundational effort to establish welfare footprints as standardized, quantitative, and policy-relevant tools in animal welfare science. By contributing, you join a community of researchers helping to build an empirical infrastructure for measuring and comparing animal welfare across systems, practices, and policy interventions.

The approach is designed to inform decisions about animal welfare standards, product labeling, cost-effectiveness of interventions, and ethical trade-offs in animal-source food production.

Evidence to Specific Affective Experiences

The list below shows all affective experiences currently being analyzed for The Welfare Footprint of the Egg. These include negative and positive experiences across all stages of life—from hatchery to slaughter.

You are invited to contribute evidence to help estimate the intensity, duration, and prevalence of each experience, in each of the housing systems considered (conventional cages, enriched cages and cage-free settings). These contributions are essential for building a scientifically grounded welfare footprint. To get started, expand a chapter below to view the experiences under analysis. You may choose to contribute to as many or as few experiences as you wish.

  • Pain and Stress in Embryos (after day 13)
  • Pain in Non-Viable Newly Hatched
  • Hunger 48–72 h post-hatch
  • Immunization-associated eye irritation
  • Immunization-associated malaise
  • Immunization-associated gastrointestinal symptoms
  • Immunization-associated injection site pain
  • Immunization-associated granuloma pain
  • Immunization-associated organ puncture
  • Immunization-associated respiratory distress
  • Immunization-associated wing web lesion
  • Pain from internal sexing
  • Instantaneous Maceration
  • Delayed Maceration
  • Prolonged Survival following Maceration
  • CO₂ 75–90%
  • Gradual- Fill CO₂
  • 100% N₂
  • 100% Ar
  • LAPS
  • Pain and Stress in Embryos
  • Pain in Non-Viable Newly Hatched
  • Beak Trimming by Hot Blade
  • Beak Trimming by Infrared
  • Infection due to poor healing from hot blade beak trimming
  • Neuromas from hot blade trimming
  • Tongue and Nostril Burns from Hot Blade Trimming
  • Keel bone fracture with proper healing
  • Keel bone fracture with malunion
  • Keel bone fracture with non-union
  • Bone fractures during depopoulation and transport
  • Cage layer fatigue
  • EGPS – acute
  • EGPS – chronic
  • Fatty Liver Syndrome (FLS)
  • Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS)
  • Urolithiasis (Visceral gout)
  • Articular gout
  • Chronic mild to moderate GI discomfort (non-fatal)
  • Acute severe diarrhea (non-fatal)
  • Acute severe diarrhea with visceral pain (non-fatal)
  • Acute severe diarrhea with visceral pain (fatal)
  • Chronic or episodic visceral pain (non-fatal, ± diarrhea)
  • Chronic or episodic visceral pain (fatal)
  • Pain from fatal case of HPAI
  • Pain from chronic non-fatal case of LPAI
  • Pain from fatal case of ND
  • Pain from non-fatal ND
  • Pain from viral respiratory infection (IBV/AMPV)
  • Pain from acute non-fatal case of ILT
  • Pain from chronic case of MG infection
  • Pain from acute non-fatal case of Infectious Coryza
  • Pain from bacterial respiratory infection
  • Pain from mild (itching and inlammation) PRM infestation
  • Pain from moderate/severe (dermatitis and lesions) PRM infestation
  • Discomfort from fatal systemic failure by anemia (both PRM and NFM)
  • Pain from localized vent-area irritation and trauma (NFM)
  • Pain from crusty and infected vent wounds (NFM)
  • Cannibalism
  • Small skin wound that heal
  • Small skin wound (infected) that heal
  • Vent wounds (~3-4 cm, tissue missing)
  • Vent wounds (infected)
  • Vent wounds (septic) (fatal)
  • Toe deformity
  • Death by entrapment
  • Foot pad dermatitis Type II
  • Foot pad dermatitis Type III
  • Bumblefoot (fatal)
  • Bumblefoot (non-fatal)
  • Breast Blisters
  • Focal Ulcerative Dermatitis Syndrome
  • Moderate heat stress
  • Severe Non-Fatal heat stress
  • Transport (Fatal) heat stress
  • Heatwave Fatalities
  • Chick Heat Stress
  • Moderate Cold Stress
  • Severe Cold Stress
  • Extreme Cold Stress
  • Chronic Cold Stress
  • Aversiveness of exposure to ammonia at ≤25 ppm
  • Aversiveness of exposure to ammonia above 25 ppm
  • Eye lesions – keratoconjuntivitis
  • Pain from severe hunger – feed withdrawal (induced molting)
  • Pain from fatal starvation – feed withdrawal
  • Pain from hunger caused by feed restriction
  • Thirst during transport
  • Sleep time in each housing system
  • Discomfort from chronic fatigue
  • Frustration from thwarted foraging
  • Frustration from thwarted nesting
  • Frustration thwarted perching
  • Frustration thwarted wing flapping
  • Agency deprivation
  • Pleasure from (complete to minimal) fulfilment of foraging motivation
  • Pleasure from (complete to minimal) fulfilment of nesting motivation
  • Pleasure from (complete to minimal) fulfilment of perching/roosting motivation
  • Pleasure from (complete to minimal) fulfilment of motivation for comfort behaviors
  • Pleasure from engagement with positive social interactions
  • Pleasure from fulfilment of motivation for cognitive engagement
  • Pleasure from engagement in consummatory behaviors
  • Pleasure from engagement in dust-bathing (complete to incomplete feedback)
  • Pleasure from engagement with novel stimuli
  • Pleasure from engagement physical activity
  • Pain from suffocation from smothering
  • Pain from fatal injuries from predation
  • Pain from fatal infection
  • Pain from fatal episode of dehydration
  • Fear, fatigue, thirst, hunger, fractures and thermal stress are all analysed in other chapters. This chapter will summarize the welfare impact of transport (to the farm and to the abattoir), but will not include specific assessments of individual experiences.
  • Waterbath Stunning
  • Multi-stage CO2
  • Cervical Dislocation
  • Captive Bolt
  • Ventilation Shutdown
  • Ventilation shutdown with supplemental heat
  • Ventilation shutdown with steam
  • Ventilation shutdown with CO2
  • High expansion nitrogen foam
  • Whole house CO2 gassing

If you’d like to contribute to one or more experiences, use the form below to let us know. We’ll follow up with the appropriate documents and contribution guidelines.

contribute a suggestion

The Welfare Footprint of the Egg will provide a comprehensive quantification of the welfare impact of egg production, covering a wide range of affective experiences across all life stages of laying hens, male chicks, and breeders.

In addition to evaluating current practices and potential reforms (e.g. on-farm hatching, in-ovo sexing, depopulation methods, transport conditions, euthanasia practices), the dataset enables many other applications.

We welcome your input on how this project can be improved, expanded, or made more useful. You may use the form below to:

    • Propose an analysis or comparison you believe should be performed
    • Suggest an affective experience that is missing or underestimated
    • Highlight a use-case (e.g. for policy, certification, litigation, or teaching)
    • Share general recommendations for improving the structure, relevance, or impact of the book

All suggestions will be reviewed by the editorial team. Where appropriate, we may follow up with you for collaboration or additional context.

.