Confounding factors in welfare comparisons of animal production systems
Welfare Footprint Institute. (2025)
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Abstract
Controlled experiments, where variables are deliberately manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships, are the gold standard for drawing reliable conclusions in science. However, controlled experiments are not always feasible, ethical, or practical, and one must instead rely on retrospective analyses of existing datasets to uncover meaningful patterns.
Recommended citation:
Alonso, W. J. & Schuck-Paim, C. (2025). Confounding Factors in Welfare Comparisons of Animal Production Systems, Welfare Footprint Institute Technical Paper Series. 252